Organ-on-a-Chip: A Roadmap for Translational Research in Human and Veterinary Medicine

In this review we offer a guide to organ-on-chip (OoC) technologies, covering the full experimental pipeline, from organoid derivation and culture, through microfluidic device fabrication and design strategies, to perfusion systems and data acquisition with AI-assisted analysis. At each stage, we highlight both the advantages and limitations, providing a balanced perspective that aids experimental planning and decision-making. By integrating insights from stem cell biology, bioengineering, and computational analytics, this review presents a compilation of the state of the art of OoC research. It emphasizes practical considerations for experimental design, reproducibility, and functional readouts while also exploring applications in human and veterinary medicine. Furthermore, key technical challenges, standardization issues, and regulatory considerations are discussed, offering readers a clear roadmap for advancing both foundational studies and translational applications of OoC systems.