Tail length and mutual mate choice in bearded tits (Panurus biarmicus).

@enDirect sexual selection via mutual mate choice can result in both sexes showing conspicuous traits. We experimentally tested whether this hypothesis can explain tail length in the bearded tit (Panurus biarmicus ). In this species, both sexes have a long, graduated tail. Males have, however, a longer tail than females, suggesting perhaps that females are choosier than males in selecting mates. We used two choice set-ups for each sex: shortened vs. control tail individuals and elongated vs. control tail individuals. We found that direct sexual selection seems to operate differently in the two sexes. In both set-ups, females spent more time with the male with the longest tail, and they also showed sexual display behaviour only towards these males. Males spent more time with control than with short-tailed females, but they did not discriminate between control and long-tailed females. Moreover, males displayed preference towards both short- and long-tailed females. Thus, females preferred long-tailed males, whereas males did not always prefer long-tailed females. Our study suggests that mutual mate choice has played a role in the evolution of long tails in bearded tits. It also suggests that the sexual dimorphism in tail length has evolved because mate choice exerts a stronger sexual selection pressure on males than on females.