Monitoring of Farm-Level Antimicrobial Use to Guide Stewardship: Overview of Existing Systems and Analysis of Key Components and Processes

The acknowledgment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major health challenge in humans, animals and plants, has led to increased efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). To better understand factors influencing AMR and implement and evaluate stewardship measures for reducing AMU, it is important to have sufficiently detailed information on the quantity of AMU, preferably at the level of the user (farmer, veterinarian) and/or prescriber or provider (veterinarian, feed mill). Recently, several countries have established or are developing systems for monitoring AMU in animals. The aim of this publication is to provide an overview of known systems for monitoring AMU at farm-level, with a descriptive analysis of their key components and processes. As of March 2020, 38 active farm-level AMU monitoring systems from 16 countries were identified. These systems differ in many ways, including which data are collected, the type of analyses conducted and their respective output. At the same time, they share key components (data collection, analysis, benchmarking, and reporting), resulting in similar challenges to be faced with similar decisions to be made. Suggestions are provided with respect to the different components and important aspects of various data types and methods are discussed. This overview should provide support for establishing or working with such a system and could lead to a better implementation of stewardship actions and a more uniform communication about and understanding of AMU data at farm-level. Harmonization of methods and processes could lead to an improved comparability of outcomes and less confusion when interpreting results across systems. However, it is important to note that the development of systems also depends on specific local needs, resources and aims.

Danish Vet & Food Adm
Domaine Motte Vicomte
World Org Anim Hlth
Ctr Expertise Antimicrobial Consumpt & Resistance
Inst State Control Vet Biologicals & Med
Netherlands Vet Med Inst SDa
Public Health Agency of Canada
Vet Med Directorate
Agroscope- Schweizer Nationalgestüt
University of Copenhagen
Universität Bern
Teagasc – the Agriculture and Food Development Authority
Swedish Veterinary Agency
Safoso AG
Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l''alimentation, de l''environnement et du travail
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
University College Dublin, National University of Ireland
Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
Danmarks tekniske universitet
Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit
Universität Zürich
World Org Anim Hlth OIE
Fed Food Vet Off
French Agcy Food Environm & Occupat Hlth & Safety
Ghent University
National Veterinary Institute SVA
IZS Lombardia e Emilia
Technical University of Denmark
Teagasc
University College Dublin
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
Freie Universität Berlin